Poliomyelitis, commonly known as Polio, is a devastating infectious disease caused by the poliovirus, which is a highly contagious virus that targets the motor neurons of the central nervous system. Historically, this disease caused widespread mortality, acute paralysis, and lifelong disabilities, particularly among children. Its impact led to one of the most significant public health campaigns in history, demonstrating the vital role of immunization in preventing neurological damage and severe muscle weakness.

The transmission of the poliovirus occurs primarily through the fecal-oral route, often by consuming contaminated food or water, or through poor hygiene. Once in the body, the virus replicates in the intestines and can sometimes travel along nerve fibers, invading the spinal cord and brain stem. It is the destruction of these nerve cells that results in the characteristic condition known as acute flaccid paralysis, the most severe clinical presentation of the infection.

While the natural-occurring wild poliovirus has been eliminated in nearly every nation, continuous surveillance and widespread vaccination remain critical. The goal of complete global eradication is maintained by international organizations, focusing efforts on endemic areas and preventing outbreaks of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) in under-immunized populations, a dynamic challenge studied in resources like the Poliomyelitis Report.

FAQ

Q: How is poliomyelitis spread from person to person? A: The poliovirus spreads mainly through the fecal-oral route, typically from unwashed hands, contaminated water, or food, making good sanitation crucial for prevention.

Q: Is there a cure for poliomyelitis once the paralysis starts? A: No, there is no cure for the paralysis caused by the virus; treatment focuses on supportive care, physical therapy, and respiratory assistance to manage symptoms and improve mobility.